atomic_subtract (9)

Leading comments

Copyright (c) 2000-2001 John H. Baldwin <jhb@FreeBSD.org>
All rights reserved.

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modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
   ...

(The comments found at the beginning of the groff file "man9/atomic_subtract.9freebsd".)

NAME

atomic_add atomic_clear atomic_cmpset atomic_fetchadd atomic_load atomic_readandclear atomic_set atomic_subtract atomic_store - atomic operations

SYNOPSIS

In sys/types.h In machine/atomic.h Ft void Fn atomic_add_[acq_|rel_]<type> volatile <type> *p <type> v Ft void Fn atomic_clear_[acq_|rel_]<type> volatile <type> *p <type> v Ft int Fo atomic_cmpset_[acq_|rel_]<type> Fa volatile <type> *dst Fa <type> old Fa <type> new Fc Ft <type> Fn atomic_fetchadd_<type> volatile <type> *p <type> v Ft <type> Fn atomic_load_acq_<type> volatile <type> *p Ft <type> Fn atomic_readandclear_<type> volatile <type> *p Ft void Fn atomic_set_[acq_|rel_]<type> volatile <type> *p <type> v Ft void Fn atomic_subtract_[acq_|rel_]<type> volatile <type> *p <type> v Ft void Fn atomic_store_rel_<type> volatile <type> *p <type> v Ft <type> Fn atomic_swap_<type> volatile <type> *p <type> v Ft int Fn atomic_testandset_<type> volatile <type> *p u_int v

DESCRIPTION

Each of the atomic operations is guaranteed to be atomic in the presence of interrupts. They can be used to implement reference counts or as building blocks for more advanced synchronization primitives such as mutexes.

Types

Each atomic operation operates on a specific Fa type . The type to use is indicated in the function name. The available types that can be used are:

int

unsigned integer

long

unsigned long integer

ptr

unsigned integer the size of a pointer

32

unsigned 32-bit integer

64

unsigned 64-bit integer

For example, the function to atomically add two integers is called Fn atomic_add_int .

Certain architectures also provide operations for types smaller than ``int ''

char

unsigned character

short

unsigned short integer

8

unsigned 8-bit integer

16

unsigned 16-bit integer

These must not be used in MI code because the instructions to implement them efficiently may not be available.

Memory Barriers

Memory barriers are used to guarantee the order of data accesses in two ways. First, they specify hints to the compiler to not re-order or optimize the operations. Second, on architectures that do not guarantee ordered data accesses, special instructions or special variants of instructions are used to indicate to the processor that data accesses need to occur in a certain order. As a result, most of the atomic operations have three variants in order to include optional memory barriers. The first form just performs the operation without any explicit barriers. The second form uses a read memory barrier, and the third variant uses a write memory barrier.

The second variant of each operation includes a read memory barrier. This barrier ensures that the effects of this operation are completed before the effects of any later data accesses. As a result, the operation is said to have acquire semantics as it acquires a pseudo-lock requiring further operations to wait until it has completed. To denote this, the suffix ``_acq '' is inserted into the function name immediately prior to the ``_ Aq Fa type '' suffix. For example, to subtract two integers ensuring that any later writes will happen after the subtraction is performed, use Fn atomic_subtract_acq_int .

The third variant of each operation includes a write memory barrier. This ensures that all effects of all previous data accesses are completed before this operation takes place. As a result, the operation is said to have release semantics as it releases any pending data accesses to be completed before its operation is performed. To denote this, the suffix ``_rel '' is inserted into the function name immediately prior to the ``_ Aq Fa type '' suffix. For example, to add two long integers ensuring that all previous writes will happen first, use Fn atomic_add_rel_long .

A practical example of using memory barriers is to ensure that data accesses that are protected by a lock are all performed while the lock is held. To achieve this, one would use a read barrier when acquiring the lock to guarantee that the lock is held before any protected operations are performed. Finally, one would use a write barrier when releasing the lock to ensure that all of the protected operations are completed before the lock is released.

Multiple Processors

The current set of atomic operations do not necessarily guarantee atomicity across multiple processors. To guarantee atomicity across processors, not only does the individual operation need to be atomic on the processor performing the operation, but the result of the operation needs to be pushed out to stable storage and the caches of all other processors on the system need to invalidate any cache lines that include the affected memory region. On the i386 architecture, the cache coherency model requires that the hardware perform this task, thus the atomic operations are atomic across multiple processors. On the ia64 architecture, coherency is only guaranteed for pages that are configured to using a caching policy of either uncached or write back.

Semantics

This section describes the semantics of each operation using a C like notation.

Fn atomic_add p v

*p += v;

Fn atomic_clear p v

*p &= ~v;

Fn atomic_cmpset dst old new

if (*dst == old) {
        *dst = new;
        return (1);
} else
        return (0);

The Fn atomic_cmpset functions are not implemented for the types ``char '' ``short '' ``8 '' and ``16 ''

Fn atomic_fetchadd p v

tmp = *p;
*p += v;
return (tmp);

The Fn atomic_fetchadd functions are only implemented for the types ``int '' ``long '' and ``32 '' and do not have any variants with memory barriers at this time.

Fn atomic_load p

return (*p);

The Fn atomic_load functions are only provided with acquire memory barriers.

Fn atomic_readandclear p

tmp = *p;
*p = 0;
return (tmp);

The Fn atomic_readandclear functions are not implemented for the types ``char '' ``short '' ``ptr '' ``8 '' and ``16 '' and do not have any variants with memory barriers at this time.

Fn atomic_set p v

*p |= v;

Fn atomic_subtract p v

*p -= v;

Fn atomic_store p v

*p = v;

The Fn atomic_store functions are only provided with release memory barriers.

Fn atomic_swap p v

tmp = *p;
*p = v;
return (tmp);

The Fn atomic_swap functions are not implemented for the types ``char '' ``short '' ``ptr '' ``8 '' and ``16 '' and do not have any variants with memory barriers at this time.

Fn atomic_testandset p v

bit = 1 << (v % (sizeof(*p) * NBBY));
tmp = (*p & bit) != 0;
*p |= bit;
return (tmp);

The Fn atomic_testandset functions are only implemented for the types ``int '' ``long '' and ``32 '' and do not have any variants with memory barriers at this time.

The type ``64 '' is currently not implemented for any of the atomic operations on the arm i386 and powerpc architectures.

RETURN VALUES

The Fn atomic_cmpset function returns the result of the compare operation. The Fn atomic_fetchadd , Fn atomic_load , Fn atomic_readandclear , and Fn atomic_swap functions return the value at the specified address. The Fn atomic_testandset function returns the result of the test operation.

EXAMPLES

This example uses the Fn atomic_cmpset_acq_ptr and Fn atomic_set_ptr functions to obtain a sleep mutex and handle recursion. Since the mtx_lock member of a Vt struct mtx is a pointer, the ``ptr '' type is used.

/* Try to obtain mtx_lock once. */
#define _obtain_lock(mp, tid)                                           \
        atomic_cmpset_acq_ptr(&(mp)->mtx_lock, MTX_UNOWNED, (tid))

/* Get a sleep lock, deal with recursion inline. */
#define _get_sleep_lock(mp, tid, opts, file, line) do {                 \
        uintptr_t _tid = (uintptr_t)(tid);                              \
                                                                        \
        if (!_obtain_lock(mp, tid)) {                                   \
                if (((mp)->mtx_lock & MTX_FLAGMASK) != _tid)            \
                        _mtx_lock_sleep((mp), _tid, (opts), (file), (line));\
                else {                                                  \
                        atomic_set_ptr(&(mp)->mtx_lock, MTX_RECURSE);   \
                        (mp)->mtx_recurse++;                            \
                }                                                       \
        }                                                               \
} while (0)

HISTORY

The Fn atomic_add , Fn atomic_clear , Fn atomic_set , and Fn atomic_subtract operations were first introduced in Fx 3.0 . This first set only supported the types ``char '' ``short '' ``int '' and ``long '' The Fn atomic_cmpset , Fn atomic_load , Fn atomic_readandclear , and Fn atomic_store operations were added in Fx 5.0 . The types ``8 '' ``16 '' ``32 '' ``64 '' and ``ptr '' and all of the acquire and release variants were added in Fx 5.0 as well. The Fn atomic_fetchadd operations were added in Fx 6.0 . The Fn atomic_swap and Fn atomic_testandset operations were added in Fx 10.0 .