private-Error (3)
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NAME
Error - Error/exception handling in an OO-ish waySYNOPSIS
use Error qw(:try); throw Error::Simple( "A simple error"); sub xyz { ... record Error::Simple("A simple error") and return; } unlink($file) or throw Error::Simple("$file: $!",$!); try { do_some_stuff(); die "error!" if $condition; throw Error::Simple -text => "Oops!" if $other_condition; } catch Error::IO with { my $E = shift; print STDERR "File ", $E->{'-file'}, " had a problem\n"; } except { my $E = shift; my $general_handler=sub {send_message $E->{-description}}; return { UserException1 => $general_handler, UserException2 => $general_handler }; } otherwise { print STDERR "Well I don't know what to say\n"; } finally { close_the_garage_door_already(); # Should be reliable }; # Don't forget the trailing ; or you might be surprised
DESCRIPTION
The "Error" package provides two interfaces. Firstly "Error" provides a procedural interface to exception handling. Secondly "Error" is a base class for errors/exceptions that can either be thrown, for subsequent catch, or can simply be recorded.Errors in the class "Error" should not be thrown directly, but the user should throw errors from a sub-class of "Error".
PROCEDURAL INTERFACE
"Error" exports subroutines to perform exception handling. These will be exported if the ":try" tag is used in the "use" line.- try BLOCK CLAUSES
-
"try" is the main subroutine called by the user. All other subroutines
exported are clauses to the try subroutine.
The
BLOCKwill be evaluated and, if no error is throw, try will return the result of the block."CLAUSES" are the subroutines below, which describe what to do in the event of an error being thrown within
BLOCK. - catch CLASSwithBLOCK
-
This clauses will cause all errors that satisfy "$err->isa(CLASS)"
to be caught and handled by evaluating "BLOCK".
"BLOCK" will be passed two arguments. The first will be the error being thrown. The second is a reference to a scalar variable. If this variable is set by the catch block then, on return from the catch block, try will continue processing as if the catch block was never found.
To propagate the error the catch block may call "$err->throw"
If the scalar reference by the second argument is not set, and the error is not thrown. Then the current try block will return with the result from the catch block.
- except BLOCK
-
When "try" is looking for a handler, if an except clause is found
"BLOCK" is evaluated. The return value from this block should be a
HASHREFor a list of key-value pairs, where the keys are class names and the values areCODEreferences for the handler of errors of that type.
- otherwise BLOCK
-
Catch any error by executing the code in "BLOCK"
When evaluated "BLOCK" will be passed one argument, which will be the error being processed.
Only one otherwise block may be specified per try block
- finally BLOCK
-
Execute the code in "BLOCK" either after the code in the try block has
successfully completed, or if the try block throws an error then
"BLOCK" will be executed after the handler has completed.
If the handler throws an error then the error will be caught, the finally block will be executed and the error will be re-thrown.
Only one finally block may be specified per try block
CLASS INTERFACE
CONSTRUCTORS
The "Error" object is implemented as a
-file -line -text -value -object
If "-file" or "-line" are not specified in the constructor arguments then these will be initialized with the file name and line number where the constructor was called from.
If the error is associated with an object then the object should be passed as the "-object" argument. This will allow the "Error" package to associate the error with the object.
The "Error" package remembers the last error created, and also the last error associated with a package. This could either be the last error created by a sub in that package, or the last error which passed an object blessed into that package as the "-object" argument.
- throw ( [ ARGS] )
-
Create a new "Error" object and throw an error, which will be caught
by a surrounding "try" block, if there is one. Otherwise it will cause
the program to exit.
"throw" may also be called on an existing error to re-throw it.
- with ( [ ARGS] )
-
Create a new "Error" object and returns it. This is defined for
syntactic sugar, eg
die with Some::Error ( ... );
- record ( [ ARGS] )
-
Create a new "Error" object and returns it. This is defined for
syntactic sugar, eg
record Some::Error ( ... ) and return;
STATIC METHODS
- prior ( [ PACKAGE] )
- Return the last error created, or the last error associated with "PACKAGE"
- flush ( [ PACKAGE] )
-
Flush the last error created, or the last error associated with
"PACKAGE".It is necessary to clear the error stack before exiting the
package or uncaught errors generated using "record" will be reported.
$Error->flush;
OBJECT METHODS
- stacktrace
- If the variable $Error::Debug was non-zero when the error was created, then "stacktrace" returns a string created by calling "Carp::longmess". If the variable was zero the "stacktrace" returns the text of the error appended with the filename and line number of where the error was created, providing the text does not end with a newline.
- object
- The object this error was associated with
- file
- The file where the constructor of this error was called from
- line
- The line where the constructor of this error was called from
- text
- The text of the error
OVERLOAD METHODS
- stringify
-
A method that converts the object into a string. This method may simply
return the same as the "text" method, or it may append more
information. For example the file name and line number.
By default this method returns the "-text" argument that was passed to the constructor, or the string "Died" if none was given.
- value
-
A method that will return a value that can be associated with the
error. For example if an error was created due to the failure of a
system call, then this may return the numeric value of $! at the
time.
By default this method returns the "-value" argument that was passed to the constructor.
PRE-DEFINED ERROR CLASSES
- Error::Simple
-
This class can be used to hold simple error strings and values. Its
constructor takes two arguments. The first is a text value, the second
is a numeric value. These values are what will be returned by the
overload methods.
If the text value ends with "at file line 1" as $@ strings do, then this information will be used to set the "-file" and "-line" arguments of the error object.
This class is used internally if an eval'd block die's with an error that is a plain string. (Unless $Error::ObjectifyCallback is modified)
$Error::ObjectifyCallback
This variable holds a reference to a subroutine that converts errors that are plain strings to objects. It is used by Error.pm to convert textual errors to objects, and can be overridden by the user.It accepts a single argument which is a hash reference to named parameters. Currently the only named parameter passed is 'text' which is the text of the error, but others may be available in the future.
For example the following code will cause Error.pm to throw objects of the class MyError::Bar by default:
sub throw_MyError_Bar { my $args = shift; my $err = MyError::Bar->new(); $err->{'MyBarText'} = $args->{'text'}; return $err; } { local $Error::ObjectifyCallback = \&throw_MyError_Bar; # Error handling here. }
KNOWN BUGS
None, but that does not mean there are not any.AUTHORS
Graham Barr <gbarr@pobox.com>The code that inspired me to write this was originally written by Peter Seibel <peter@weblogic.com> and adapted by Jesse Glick <jglick@sig.bsh.com>.