exact (3)

NAME

math::exact - Exact Real Arithmetic

SYNOPSIS

package require Tcl 8.6

package require grammar::aycock 1.0

package require math::exact 1.0

::math::exact::exactexpr expr

number ref

number unref

number asPrint precision

number asFloat precision

DESCRIPTION

The exactexpr command in the math::exact package allows for exact computations over the computable real numbers. These are not arbitrary-precision calculations; rather they are exact, with numbers represented by algorithms that produce successive approximations. At the end of a calculation, the caller can request a given precision for the end result, and intermediate results are computed to whatever precision is necessary to satisfy the request.

PROCEDURES

The following procedure is the primary entry into the math::exact package.

::math::exact::exactexpr expr

Accepts a mathematical expression in Tcl syntax, and returns an object that represents the program to calculate successive approximations to the expression's value. The result will be referred to as an exact real number.

number ref

Increases the reference count of a given exact real number.

number unref

Decreases the reference count of a given exact real number, and destroys the number if the reference count is zero.

number asPrint precision

Formats the given number for printing, with the specified precision. (See below for how precision is interpreted). Numbers that are known to be rational are formatted as fractions.

number asFloat precision

Formats the given number for printing, with the specified precision. (See below for how precision is interpreted). All numbers are formatted in floating-point E format.

PARAMETERS

expr

Expression to evaluate. The syntax for expressions is the same as it is in Tcl, but the set of operations is smaller. See Expressions below for details.

number

The object returned by an earlier invocation of math::exact::exactexpr

precision

The requested 'precision' of the result. The precision is (approximately) the absolute value of the binary exponent plus the number of bits of the binary significand. For instance, to return results to IEEE-754 double precision, 56 bits plus the exponent are required. Numbers between 1/2 and 2 will require a precision of 57; numbers between 1/4 and 1/2 or between 2 and 4 will require 58; numbers between 1/8 and 1/4 or between 4 and 8 will require 59; and so on.

EXPRESSIONS

The math::exact::exactexpr command accepts expressions in a subset of Tcl's syntax. The following components may be used in an expression.

*

Decimal integers.

*

Variable references with the dollar sign ($). The value of the variable must be the result of another call to math::exact::exactexpr. The reference count of the value will be increased by one for each position at which it appears in the expression.

*

The exponentiation operator (**).

*

Unary plus (+) and minus (-) operators.

*

Multiplication (*) and division (/) operators.

*

Parentheses used for grouping.

*

Functions. See Functions below for the functions that are available.

FUNCTIONS

The following functions are available for use within exact real expressions.

acos(x)

The inverse cosine of x. The result is expressed in radians. The absolute value of x must be less than 1.

acosh(x)

The inverse hyperbolic cosine of x. x must be greater than 1.

asin(x)

The inverse sine of x. The result is expressed in radians. The absolute value of x must be less than 1.

asinh(x)

The inverse hyperbolic sine of x.

atan(x)

The inverse tangent of x. The result is expressed in radians.

atanh(x)

The inverse hyperbolic tangent of x. The absolute value of x must be less than 1.

cos(x)

The cosine of x. x is expressed in radians.

cosh(x)

The hyperbolic cosine of x.

e()

The base of the natural logarithms = 2.71828...

exp(x)

The exponential function of x.

log(x)

The natural logarithm of x. x must be positive.

pi()

The value of pi = 3.15159...

sin(x)

The sine of x. x is expressed in radians.

sinh(x)

The hyperbolic sine of x.

sqrt(x)

The square root of x. x must be positive.

tan(x)

The tangent of x. x is expressed in radians.

tanh(x)

The hyperbolic tangent of x.

SUMMARY

The math::exact::exactexpr command provides a system that performs exact arithmetic over computable real numbers, representing the numbers as algorithms for successive approximation. An example, which implements the high-school quadratic formula, is shown below.

namespace import math::exact::exactexpr
proc exactquad {a b c} {
    set d [[exactexpr {sqrt($b*$b - 4*$a*$c)}] ref]
    set r0 [[exactexpr {(-$b - $d) / (2 * $a)}] ref]
    set r1 [[exactexpr {(-$b + $d) / (2 * $a)}] ref]
    $d unref
    return [list $r0 $r1]
}

set a [[exactexpr 1] ref]
set b [[exactexpr 200] ref]
set c [[exactexpr {(-3/2) * 10**-12}] ref]
lassign [exactquad $a $b $c] r0 r1
$a unref; $b unref; $c unref
puts [list [$r0 asFloat 70] [$r1 asFloat 110]]
$r0 unref; $r1 unref

The program prints the result:

-2.000000000000000075e2 7.499999999999999719e-15

Note that if IEEE-754 floating point had been used, a catastrophic roundoff error would yield a smaller root that is a factor of two too high:

-200.0 1.4210854715202004e-14

The invocations of exactexpr should be fairly self-explanatory. The other commands of note are ref and unref. It is necessary for the caller to keep track of references to exact expressions - to call ref every time an exact expression is stored in a variable and unref every time the variable goes out of scope or is overwritten. The asFloat method emits decimal digits as long as the requested precision supports them. It terminates when the requested precision yields an uncertainty of more than one unit in the least significant digit.

CATEGORY

Mathematics

COPYRIGHT

Copyright (c) 2015 Kevin B. Kenny <kennykb@acm.org>
Redistribution permitted under the terms of the Open Publication License <www.opencontent.org/openpub>