Unicode::LineBreak (3)

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========================================================================

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NAME

Unicode::LineBreak - UAX #14 Unicode Line Breaking Algorithm

SYNOPSIS

    use Unicode::LineBreak;
    $lb = Unicode::LineBreak->new();
    $broken = $lb->break($string);

DESCRIPTION

Unicode::LineBreak performs Line Breaking Algorithm described in Unicode Standard Annex #14 [ #14]. East_Asian_Width informative property defined by Annex #11 [ #11] will be concerned to determine breaking positions.

Terminology

Following terms are used for convenience.

Mandatory break is obligatory line breaking behavior defined by core rules and performed regardless of surrounding characters. Arbitrary break is line breaking behavior allowed by core rules and chosen by user to perform it. Arbitrary break includes direct break and indirect break defined by [

#14].

Alphabetic characters are characters usually no line breaks are allowed between pairs of them, except that other characters provide break oppotunities. Ideographic characters are characters that usually allow line breaks both before and after themselves. [

#14] classifies most of alphabetic to and most of ideographic to (These terms are inaccurate from the point of view by grammatology). On several scripts, breaking positions are not obvious by each characters therefore heuristic based on dictionary is used.

Number of columns of a string is not always equal to the number of characters it contains: Each of characters is either wide, narrow or nonspacing; they occupy 2, 1 or 0 columns, respectively. Several characters may be both wide and narrow by the contexts they are used. Characters may have more various widths by customization.

PUBLIC INTERFACE

Line Breaking

new ([

KEY

=>

VALUE, ...

])

Constructor. About

KEY

=>

VALUE

pairs see ``Options''.

break (

STRING

)

Instance method. Break Unicode string

STRING

and returns it. In array context, returns array of lines contained in the result.

break_partial (

STRING

)

Instance method. Same as break() but accepts incremental inputs. Give "undef" as

STRING

argument to specify that input was completed.

config (

KEY

)

config (

KEY

=>

VALUE, ...

)

Instance method. Get or update configuration. About

KEY

=>

VALUE

pairs see ``Options''.

copy

Copy constructor. Create a copy of object instance.

Getting Informations

breakingRule (

BEFORESTR, AFTERSTR

)

Instance method. Get possible line breaking behavior between strings

BEFORESTR

and

AFTERSTR.

See ``Constants'' for returned value.

Note: This method gives just approximate description of line breaking behavior. Use break() and so on to wrap actual texts.

context ([Charset =>

CHARSET

], [Language =>

LANGUAGE

])

Function. Get language/region context used by character set

CHARSET

or language

LANGUAGE.

Options

``new'' and ``config'' methods accept following pairs. Some of them affect number of columns ([E]), grapheme cluster segmentation ([G]) (see also Unicode::GCString) or line breaking behavior ([L]).

BreakIndent => YES | NO

[L] Always allows break after SPACEs at beginning of line, a.k.a. indent. [

UAX

#14] does not take account of such usage of

SPACE.

Default is "YES".

Note: This option was introduced at release 1.011.

CharMax =>

NUMBER

[L] Possible maximum number of characters in one line, not counting trailing SPACEs and newline sequence. Note that number of characters generally doesn't represent length of line. Default is 998. 0 means unlimited (as of release 2012.01).

ColMin =>

NUMBER

[L] Minimum number of columns which line broken arbitrarily may include, not counting trailing spaces and newline sequences. Default is 0.

ColMax =>

NUMBER

[L] Maximum number of columns line may include not counting trailing spaces and newline sequence. In other words, maximum length of line. Default is 76.

See also ``Urgent'' option and ``User-Defined Breaking Behaviors''.

ComplexBreaking => YES | NO

[L] Performs heuristic breaking on South East Asian complex context. Default is, if word segmentation for South East Asian writing systems is enabled, "YES".

Context =>

CONTEXT

[E][L] Specify language/region context. Currently available contexts are "EASTASIAN" and "NONEASTASIAN". Default context is "NONEASTASIAN".

In "EASTASIAN" context, characters with East_Asian_Width property ambiguous (A) are treated as ``wide'' and with Line Breaking Class

AI

as ideographic (

ID

).

In "NONEASTASIAN" context, characters with East_Asian_Width property ambiguous (A) are treated as ``narrow'' and with Line Breaking Class

AI

as alphabetic (

AL

).

EAWidth => [

ORD

=>

PROPERTY

]

EAWidth => undef

[E] Tailor classification of East_Asian_Width property.

ORD

is

UCS

scalar value of character or array reference of them.

PROPERTY

is one of East_Asian_Width property values and extended values (See ``Constants''). This option may be specified multiple times. If "undef" is specified, all tailoring assigned before will be canceled.

By default, no tailorings are available. See also ``Tailoring Character Properties''.

Format =>

METHOD

[L] Specify the method to format broken lines.

SIMPLE

Default method. Just only insert newline at arbitrary breaking positions.

NEWLINE

Insert or replace newline sequences with that specified by ``Newline'' option, remove SPACEs leading newline sequences or end-of-text. Then append newline at end of text if it does not exist.

TRIM

Insert newline at arbitrary breaking positions. Remove SPACEs leading newline sequences.

undef

Do nothing, even inserting any newlines.

Subroutine reference

See ``Formatting Lines''.

HangulAsAL => YES | NO

[L] Treat hangul syllables and conjoining jamos as alphabetic characters (

AL

). Default is "NO".

LBClass => [

ORD

=>

CLASS

]

LBClass => undef

[G][L] Tailor classification of line breaking property.

ORD

is

UCS

scalar value of character or array reference of them.

CLASS

is one of line breaking classes (See ``Constants''). This option may be specified multiple times. If "undef" is specified, all tailoring assigned before will be canceled.

By default, no tailorings are available. See also ``Tailoring Character Properties''.

LegacyCM => YES | NO

[G][L] Treat combining characters lead by a

SPACE

as an isolated combining character (

ID

). As of Unicode 5.0, such use of

SPACE

is not recommended. Default is "YES".

Newline =>

STRING

[L] Unicode string to be used for newline sequence. Default is "\n".

Prep =>

METHOD

[L] Add user-defined line breaking behavior(s). This option may be specified multiple times. Following methods are available.

NONBREAKURI

Won't break URIs.

BREAKURI

Break URIs according to a rule suitable for printed materials. For more details see [

CMOS

], sections 6.17 and 17.11.

[

REGEX, SUBREF

]

The sequences matching regular expression

REGEX

will be broken by subroutine referred by

SUBREF.

For more details see ``User-Defined Breaking Behaviors''.

undef

Cancel all methods assigned before.

Sizing =>

METHOD

[L] Specify method to calculate size of string. Following options are available.

UAX11

Default method. Sizes are computed by columns of each characters according to built-in character database.

undef

Number of grapheme clusters (see Unicode::GCString) contained in the string.

Subroutine reference

See ``Calculating String Size''.

See also ``ColMax'', ``ColMin'' and ``EAWidth'' options.

Urgent =>

METHOD

[L] Specify method to handle excessing lines. Following options are available.

CROAK

Print error message and die.

FORCE

Force breaking excessing fragment.

undef

Default method. Won't break excessing fragment.

Subroutine reference

See ``User-Defined Breaking Behaviors''.

ViramaAsJoiner => YES | NO

[G] Virama sign (``halant'' in Hindi, ``coeng'' in Khmer) and its succeeding letter are not broken. Default is "YES". Note: This option was introduced by release 2012.001_29. On previous releases, it was fixed to "NO". ``Default'' grapheme cluster defined by [

UAX

#29] does not include this feature.

Constants

EA_Na, EA_N, EA_A, EA_W, EA_H, EA_F

Index values to specify six East_Asian_Width property values defined by [

UAX

#11]: narrow (Na), neutral (N), ambiguous (A), wide (W), halfwidth (H) and fullwidth (F).

EA_Z

Index value to specify nonspacing characters.

Note: This ``nonspacing'' value is extension by this module, not a part of [

UAX

#11].

LB_BK, LB_CR, LB_LF, LB_NL, LB_SP, LB_OP, LB_CL, LB_CP, LB_QU, LB_GL, LB_NS, LB_EX, LB_SY, LB_IS, LB_PR, LB_PO, LB_NU, LB_AL, LB_HL, LB_ID, LB_IN, LB_HY, LB_BA, LB_BB, LB_B2, LB_CB, LB_ZW, LB_CM, LB_WJ, LB_H2, LB_H3, LB_JL, LB_JV, LB_JT, LB_SG, LB_AI, LB_CJ, LB_SA, LB_XX, LB_RI

Index values to specify 40 line breaking property values (classes) defined by [

UAX

#14].

Note: Property value

CP

was introduced by Unicode 5.2.0. Property values

HL

and

CJ

were introduced by Unicode 6.1.0. Property value

RI

was introduced by Unicode 6.2.0.

MANDATORY, DIRECT, INDIRECT, PROHIBITED

Four values to specify line breaking behaviors: Mandatory break; Both direct break and indirect break are allowed; Indirect break is allowed but direct break is prohibited; Prohibited break.

Unicode::LineBreak::SouthEastAsian::supported

Flag to determin if word segmentation for South East Asian writing systems is enabled. If this feature was enabled, a non-empty string is set. Otherwise, "undef" is set.

N.B.: Current release supports Thai script of modern Thai language only.

UNICODE_VERSION

A string to specify version of Unicode standard this module refers.

CUSTOMIZATION

Formatting Lines

If you specify subroutine reference as a value of ``Format'' option, it should accept three arguments:

    $MODIFIED = &subroutine(SELF, EVENT, STR);

is a Unicode::LineBreak object, is a string to determine the context that subroutine was called in, and is a fragment of Unicode string leading or trailing breaking position.

    EVENT |When Fired           |Value of STR
    -----------------------------------------------------------------
    "sot" |Beginning of text    |Fragment of first line
    "sop" |After mandatory break|Fragment of next line
    "sol" |After arbitrary break|Fragment on sequel of line
    ""    |Just before any      |Complete line without trailing
          |breaks               |SPACEs
    "eol" |Arbitrary break      |SPACEs leading breaking position
    "eop" |Mandatory break      |Newline and its leading SPACEs
    "eot" |End of text          |SPACEs (and newline) at end of
          |                     |text
    -----------------------------------------------------------------

Subroutine should return modified text fragment or may return "undef" to express that no modification occurred. Note that modification in the context of "sot", "sop" or "sol" may affect decision of successive breaking positions while in the others won't.

Note: String arguments are actually sequences of grapheme clusters. See Unicode::GCString.

For example, following code folds lines removing trailing spaces:

    sub fmt {
        if ($_[1] =~ /^eo/) {
            return "\n";
        }
        return undef;
    }
    my $lb = Unicode::LineBreak->new(Format => \&fmt);
    $output = $lb->break($text);

User-Defined Breaking Behaviors

When a line generated by arbitrary break is expected to be beyond measure of either CharMax, ColMax or ColMin, urgent break may be performed on successive string. If you specify subroutine reference as a value of ``Urgent'' option, it should accept two arguments:

    @BROKEN = &subroutine(SELF, STR);

is a Unicode::LineBreak object and is a Unicode string to be broken.

Subroutine should return an array of broken string

Note: String argument is actually a sequence of grapheme clusters. See Unicode::GCString.

For example, following code inserts hyphen to the name of several chemical substances (such as Titin) so that it may be folded:

    sub hyphenize {
        return map {$_ =~ s/yl$/yl-/; $_} split /(\w+?yl(?=\w))/, $_[1];
    }
    my $lb = Unicode::LineBreak->new(Urgent => \&hyphenize);
    $output = $lb->break("Methionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylarginyl...");

If you specify [

] array reference as any of ``Prep'' option, subroutine should accept two arguments:

    @BROKEN = &subroutine(SELF, STR);

is a Unicode::LineBreak object and is a Unicode string matched with

Subroutine should return an array of broken string

For example, following code will break

URLs using [] rule.

    my $url = qr{[\x21-\x7E]+}i;
    sub breakurl {
        my $self = shift;
        my $str = shift;
        return split m{(?<=[/]) (?=[^/]) |
                       (?<=[^-.]) (?=[-~.,_?\#%=&]) |
                       (?<=[=&]) (?=.)}x, $str;
    }
    my $lb = Unicode::LineBreak->new(Prep => [$url, \&breakurl]);
    $output = $lb->break($string);

Preserving State

Unicode::LineBreak object can behave as hash reference. Any items may be preserved throughout its life.

For example, following code will separate paragraphs with empty lines.

    sub paraformat {
        my $self = shift;
        my $action = shift;
        my $str = shift;
        
        if ($action eq 'sot' or $action eq 'sop') {
            $self->{'line'} = '';
        } elsif ($action eq '') {
            $self->{'line'} = $str;
        } elsif ($action eq 'eol') {
            return "\n";
        } elsif ($action eq 'eop') {
            if (length $self->{'line'}) {
                return "\n\n";
            } else {
                return "\n";
            }
        } elsif ($action eq 'eot') {
            return "\n";
        }
        return undef;
    }
    my $lb = Unicode::LineBreak->new(Format => \&paraformat);
    $output = $lb->break($string);

Calculating String Size

If you specify subroutine reference as a value of ``Sizing'' option, it will be called with five arguments:

    $COLS = &subroutine(SELF, LEN, PRE, SPC, STR);

is a Unicode::LineBreak object, is size of preceding string, is preceding Unicode string, is additional SPACEs and is a Unicode string to be processed.

Subroutine should return calculated number of columns of "PRE.SPC.STR". The number of columns may not be an integer: Unit of the number may be freely chosen, however, it should be same as those of ``ColMin'' and ``ColMax'' option.

Note: String arguments are actually sequences of grapheme clusters. See Unicode::GCString.

For example, following code processes lines with tab stops by each eight columns.

    sub tabbedsizing {
        my ($self, $cols, $pre, $spc, $str) = @_;
    
        my $spcstr = $spc.$str;
        while ($spcstr->lbc == LB_SP) {
            my $c = $spcstr->item(0);
            if ($c eq "\t") {
                $cols += 8 - $cols % 8;
            } else {
                $cols += $c->columns;
            }
            $spcstr = $spcstr->substr(1);
        }
        $cols += $spcstr->columns;
        return $cols;
    };
    my $lb = Unicode::LineBreak->new(LBClass => [ord("\t") => LB_SP],
                                     Sizing => \&tabbedsizing);
    $output = $lb->break($string);

Tailoring Character Properties

Character properties may be tailored by ``LBClass'' and ``EAWidth'' options. Some constants are defined for convenience of tailoring.

Line Breaking Properties

Non-starters of Kana-like Characters

By default, several hiragana, katakana and characters corresponding to kana are treated as non-starters (

or ). When the following pair(s) are specified for value of ``LBClass'' option, these characters are treated as normal ideographic characters ().

KANA_NONSTARTERS() => LB_ID

All of characters below.

IDEOGRAPHIC_ITERATION_MARKS() => LB_ID

Ideographic iteration marks. U+3005

IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK, U+303B VERTICAL IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK, U+309D HIRAGANA ITERATION MARK, U+309E HIRAGANA VOICED ITERATION MARK, U+30FD KATAKANA ITERATION MARK

and U+30FE

KATAKANA VOICED ITERATION MARK.

N.B. Some of them are neither hiragana nor katakana.

KANA_SMALL_LETTERS() => LB_ID

KANA_PROLONGED_SOUND_MARKS() => LB_ID

Hiragana or katakana small letters: Hiragana small letters U+3041 A, U+3043 I, U+3045 U, U+3047 E, U+3049 O, U+3063

TU, U+3083 YA, U+3085 YU, U+3087 YO, U+308E WA, U+3095 KA, U+3096 KE.

Katakana small letters U+30A1 A, U+30A3 I, U+30A5 U, U+30A7 E, U+30A9 O, U+30C3

TU, U+30E3 YA, U+30E5 YU, U+30E7 YO, U+30EE WA, U+30F5 KA, U+30F6 KE.

Katakana phonetic extensions U+31F0

KU

- U+31FF

RO.

Halfwidth katakana small letters U+FF67 A - U+FF6F

TU.

Hiragana or katakana prolonged sound marks: U+30FC KATAKANA-HIRAGANA

PROLONGED SOUND MARK

and U+FF70

HALFWIDTH

KATAKANA-HIRAGANA

PROLONGED SOUND MARK.

N.B. These letters are optionally treated either as non-starter or as normal ideographic. See [

JIS X 4051

] 6.1.1, [

JLREQ

] 3.1.7 or [

UAX14

].

N.B. U+3095, U+3096, U+30F5, U+30F6 are considered to be neither hiragana nor katakana.

MASU_MARK() => LB_ID

U+303C

MASU MARK.

N.B. Although this character is not kana, it is usually regarded as abbreviation to sequence of hiragana ま す or katakana マ ス,

MA

and

SU.

N.B. This character is classified as non-starter (

NS

) by [

UAX

#14] and as the class corresponding to

ID

by [

JIS X 4051

] and [

JLREQ

].

Ambiguous Quotation Marks

By default, some punctuations are ambiguous quotation marks (

).

BACKWARD_QUOTES() => LB_OP, FORWARD_QUOTES() => LB_CL

Some languages (Dutch, English, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Turkish and most East Asian) use rotated-9-style punctuations (‘ “) as opening and 9-style punctuations (’ ”) as closing quotation marks.

FORWARD_QUOTES() => LB_OP, BACKWARD_QUOTES() => LB_CL

Some others (Czech, German and Slovak) use 9-style punctuations (’ ”) as opening and rotated-9-style punctuations (‘ “) as closing quotation marks.

BACKWARD_GUILLEMETS() => LB_OP, FORWARD_GUILLEMETS() => LB_CL

French, Greek, Russian etc. use left-pointing guillemets (« ‹) as opening and right-pointing guillemets (» ›) as closing quotation marks.

FORWARD_GUILLEMETS() => LB_OP, BACKWARD_GUILLEMETS() => LB_CL

German and Slovak use right-pointing guillemets (» ›) as opening and left-pointing guillemets (« ‹) as closing quotation marks.

Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish use 9-style or right-pointing punctuations (’ ” » ›) as both opening and closing quotation marks.

IDEOGRAPHIC_SPACE() => LB_BA

U+3000

IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE

won't be placed at beginning of line. This is default behavior.

IDEOGRAPHIC_SPACE() => LB_ID

IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE

can be placed at beginning of line. This was default behavior by Unicode 6.2 and earlier.

IDEOGRAPHIC_SPACE() => LB_SP

IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE

won't be placed at beginning of line, and will protrude from end of line.

East_Asian_Width Properties

Some particular letters of Latin, Greek and Cyrillic scripts have ambiguous (A) East_Asian_Width property. Thus, these characters are treated as wide in "EASTASIAN" context. Specifying "EAWidth => [ AMBIGUOUS_"*"() => EA_N ]", those characters are always treated as narrow.

AMBIGUOUS_ALPHABETICS() => EA_N

Treat all of characters below as East_Asian_Width neutral (N).

AMBIGUOUS_CYRILLIC() => EA_N

AMBIGUOUS_GREEK() => EA_N

AMBIGUOUS_LATIN() => EA_N

Treate letters having ambiguous (A) width of Cyrillic, Greek and Latin scripts as neutral (N).

On the other hand, despite several characters were occasionally rendered as wide characters by number of implementations for East Asian character sets, they are given narrow (Na) East_Asian_Width property just because they have fullwidth (F) compatibility characters. Specifying "EAWidth" as below, those characters are treated as ambiguous --- wide on "EASTASIAN" context.

QUESTIONABLE_NARROW_SIGNS() => EA_A

U+00A2

CENT SIGN, U+00A3 POUND SIGN, U+00A5 YEN SIGN

(or yuan sign), U+00A6

BROKEN BAR, U+00AC NOT SIGN, U+00AF MACRON.

Configuration File

Built-in defaults of option parameters for ``new'' and ``config'' method can be overridden by configuration files: Unicode/LineBreak/Defaults.pm. For more details read Unicode/LineBreak/Defaults.pm.sample.

BUGS

Please report bugs or buggy behaviors to developer.

Request Tracker: <rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=Unicode-LineBreak>.

VERSION

Consult $VERSION variable.

Incompatible Changes

Release 2012.06

*

eawidth() method was deprecated. ``columns'' in Unicode::GCString may be used instead.

*

lbclass() method was deprecated. Use ``lbc'' in Unicode::GCString or ``lbcext'' in Unicode::GCString.

Conformance to Standards

Character properties this module is based on are defined by Unicode Standard version 8.0.0.

This module is intended to implement

IMPLEMENTATION NOTES

*

Some ideographic characters may be treated either as

NS

or as

ID

by choice.

*

Hangul syllables and conjoining jamos may be treated as either

ID

or

AL

by choice.

*

Characters assigned to

AI

may be resolved to either

AL

or

ID

by choice.

*

Character(s) assigned to

CB

are not resolved.

*

Characters assigned to

CJ

are always resolved to

NS.

More flexible tailoring mechanism is provided.

*

When word segmentation for South East Asian writing systems is not supported, characters assigned to

SA

are resolved to

AL,

except that characters that have Grapheme_Cluster_Break property value Extend or SpacingMark be resolved to

CM.

*

Characters assigned to

SG

or

XX

are resolved to

AL.

*

Code points of following

UCS

ranges are given fixed property values even if they have not been assigned any characers.

    Ranges             | UAX #14    | UAX #11    | Description
    -------------------------------------------------------------
    U+20A0..U+20CF     | PR [*1]    | N [*2]     | Currency symbols
    U+3400..U+4DBF     | ID         | W          | CJK ideographs
    U+4E00..U+9FFF     | ID         | W          | CJK ideographs
    U+D800..U+DFFF     | AL (SG)    | N          | Surrogates
    U+E000..U+F8FF     | AL (XX)    | F or N (A) | Private use
    U+F900..U+FAFF     | ID         | W          | CJK ideographs
    U+20000..U+2FFFD   | ID         | W          | CJK ideographs
    U+30000..U+3FFFD   | ID         | W          | Old hanzi
    U+F0000..U+FFFFD   | AL (XX)    | F or N (A) | Private use
    U+100000..U+10FFFD | AL (XX)    | F or N (A) | Private use
    Other unassigned   | AL (XX)    | N          | Unassigned,
                       |            |            | reserved or
                       |            |            | noncharacters
    -------------------------------------------------------------
    [*1] Except U+20A7 PESETA SIGN (PO),
      U+20B6 LIVRE TOURNOIS SIGN (PO), U+20BB NORDIC MARK SIGN (PO)
      and U+20BE LARI SIGN (PO).
    [*2] Except U+20A9 WON SIGN (H) and U+20AC EURO SIGN
      (F or N (A)).

*

Characters belonging to General Category Mn, Me, Cc, Cf, Zl or Zp are treated as nonspacing by this module.

REFERENCES

[

CMOS

]

The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition. University of Chicago Press, 2003.

[

JIS X 4051

]

JIS X 4051:2004

日本語文書の組版方法 (Formatting Rules for Japanese Documents). Japanese Standards Association, 2004.

[

JLREQ

]

Anan, Yasuhiro et al. Requirements for Japanese Text Layout, W3C Working Group Note 3 April 2012. <www.w3.org/TR/2012/NOTE-jlreq-20120403>.

[

UAX

#11]

A. Freytag (ed.) (2008-2009). Unicode Standard Annex #11: East Asian Width, Revisions 17-19. <unicode.org/reports/tr11>.

[

UAX

#14]

A. Freytag and A. Heninger (eds.) (2008-2015). Unicode Standard Annex #14: Unicode Line Breaking Algorithm, Revisions 22-35. <unicode.org/reports/tr14>.

[

UAX

#29]

Mark Davis (ed.) (2009-2013). Unicode Standard Annex #29: Unicode Text Segmentation, Revisions 15-23. <www.unicode.org/reports/tr29>.

SEE ALSO

Text::LineFold, Text::Wrap, Unicode::GCString.

AUTHOR

Copyright (C) 2009-2013 Hatuka*nezumi - Soji <hatuka(at)nezumi.nu>.

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.