I18N::LangTags::List (3)

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Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.09 (Pod::Simple 3.35)

Standard preamble:
========================================================================

(The comments found at the beginning of the groff file "man3/I18N::LangTags::List.3perl".)

NAME

I18N::LangTags::List -- tags and names for human languages

SYNOPSIS

  use I18N::LangTags::List;
  print "Parlez-vous... ", join(', ',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('elx') || 'unknown_language',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('ar-Kw') || 'unknown_language',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('en') || 'unknown_language',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('en-CA') || 'unknown_language',
    ), "?\n";

prints:

  Parlez-vous... Elamite, Kuwait Arabic, English, Canadian English?

DESCRIPTION

This module provides a function "I18N::LangTags::List::name( langtag ) " that takes a language tag (see I18N::LangTags) and returns the best attempt at an English name for it, or undef if it can't make sense of the tag.

The function I18N::LangTags::List::name(...) is not exported.

This module also provides a function "I18N::LangTags::List::is_decent( langtag )" that returns true iff the language tag is syntactically valid and is for general use (like ``fr'' or ``fr-ca'', below). That is, it returns false for tags that are syntactically invalid and for tags, like ``aus'', that are listed in brackets below. This function is not exported.

The map of tags-to-names that it uses is accessible as %I18N::LangTags::List::Name, and it's the same as the list that follows in this documentation, which should be useful to you even if you don't use this module.

ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS

Internet language tags, as defined in are a formalism for denoting human languages. The two-letter language codes are well known (as ``en'' for English), as are their forms when qualified by a country code (``en-US''). Less well-known are the arbitrary-length non-ISO codes (like ``i-mingo''), and the recently (in 2001) introduced three-letter codes.

Remember these important facts:

*

Language tags are not locale IDs. A locale

ID

is written with a ``_'' instead of a ``-'', (almost?) always matches "m/^\w\w_\w\w\b/", and means something different than a language tag. A language tag denotes a language. A locale

ID

denotes a language as used in a particular place, in combination with non-linguistic location-specific information such as what currency is used there. Locales also often denote character set information, as in ``en_US.ISO8859-1''.

*

Language tags are not for computer languages.

*

``Dialect'' is not a useful term, since there is no objective criterion for establishing when two language-forms are dialects of eachother, or are separate languages.

*

Language tags are not case-sensitive. en-US, en-us, En-Us, etc., are all the same tag, and denote the same language.

*

Not every language tag really refers to a single language. Some language tags refer to conditions: i-default (system-message text in English plus maybe other languages), und (undetermined language). Others (notably lots of the three-letter codes) are bibliographic tags that classify whole groups of languages, as with cus ``Cushitic (Other)'' (i.e., a language that has been classed as Cushtic, but which has no more specific code) or the even less linguistically coherent sai for ``South American Indian (Other)''. Though useful in bibliography,

SUCH TAGS ARE NOT FOR GENERAL USE

. For further guidance, email me.

*

Language tags are not country codes. In fact, they are often distinct codes, as with language tag ja for Japanese, and

ISO 3166

country code ".jp" for Japan.

LIST OF LANGUAGES

The first part of each item is the language tag, between {...}. It is followed by an English name for the language or language-group. Language tags that I judge to be not for general use, are bracketed.

This list is in alphabetical order by English name of the language.

{ab} : Abkhazian

eq Abkhaz

{ace} : Achinese

{ach} : Acoli

{ada} : Adangme

{ady} : Adyghe

eq Adygei

{aa} : Afar

{afh} : Afrihili

(Artificial)

{af} : Afrikaans

[{afa} : Afro-Asiatic (Other)]

{ak} : Akan

(Formerly ``aka''.)

{akk} : Akkadian

(Historical)

{sq} : Albanian

{ale} : Aleut

[{alg} : Algonquian languages]

NOT

Algonquin!

[{tut} : Altaic (Other)]

{am} : Amharic

NOT

Aramaic!

{i-ami} : Ami

eq Amis. eq 'Amis. eq Pangca.

[{apa} : Apache languages]

{ar} : Arabic

Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {ar-ae}

UAE

Arabic; {ar-bh} Bahrain Arabic; {ar-dz} Algerian Arabic; {ar-eg} Egyptian Arabic; {ar-iq} Iraqi Arabic; {ar-jo} Jordanian Arabic; {ar-kw} Kuwait Arabic; {ar-lb} Lebanese Arabic; {ar-ly} Libyan Arabic; {ar-ma} Moroccan Arabic; {ar-om} Omani Arabic; {ar-qa} Qatari Arabic; {ar-sa} Sauda Arabic; {ar-sy} Syrian Arabic; {ar-tn} Tunisian Arabic; {ar-ye} Yemen Arabic.

{arc} : Aramaic

NOT

Amharic!

NOT

Samaritan Aramaic!

{arp} : Arapaho

{arn} : Araucanian

{arw} : Arawak

{hy} : Armenian

{an} : Aragonese

[{art} : Artificial (Other)]

{ast} : Asturian

eq Bable.

{as} : Assamese

[{ath} : Athapascan languages]

eq Athabaskan. eq Athapaskan. eq Athabascan.

[{aus} : Australian languages]

[{map} : Austronesian (Other)]

{av} : Avaric

(Formerly ``ava''.)

{ae} : Avestan

eq Zend

{awa} : Awadhi

{ay} : Aymara

{az} : Azerbaijani

eq Azeri

Notable forms: {az-Arab} Azerbaijani in Arabic script; {az-Cyrl} Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script; {az-Latn} Azerbaijani in Latin script.

{ban} : Balinese

[{bat} : Baltic (Other)]

{bal} : Baluchi

{bm} : Bambara

(Formerly ``bam''.)

[{bai} : Bamileke languages]

{bad} : Banda

[{bnt} : Bantu (Other)]

{bas} : Basa

{ba} : Bashkir

{eu} : Basque

{btk} : Batak (Indonesia)

{bej} : Beja

{be} : Belarusian

eq Belarussian. eq Byelarussian. eq Belorussian. eq Byelorussian. eq White Russian. eq White Ruthenian.

NOT

Ruthenian!

{bem} : Bemba

{bn} : Bengali

eq Bangla.

[{ber} : Berber (Other)]

{bho} : Bhojpuri

{bh} : Bihari

{bik} : Bikol

{bin} : Bini

{bi} : Bislama

eq Bichelamar.

{bs} : Bosnian

{bra} : Braj

{br} : Breton

{bug} : Buginese

{bg} : Bulgarian

{i-bnn} : Bunun

{bua} : Buriat

{my} : Burmese

{cad} : Caddo

{car} : Carib

{ca} : Catalan

eq Catalan. eq Catalonian.

[{cau} : Caucasian (Other)]

{ceb} : Cebuano

[{cel} : Celtic (Other)]

Notable forms: {cel-gaulish} Gaulish (Historical)

[{cai} : Central American Indian (Other)]

{chg} : Chagatai

(Historical?)

[{cmc} : Chamic languages]

{ch} : Chamorro

{ce} : Chechen

{chr} : Cherokee

eq Tsalagi

{chy} : Cheyenne

{chb} : Chibcha

(Historical)

NOT

Chibchan (which is a language family).

{ny} : Chichewa

eq Nyanja. eq Chinyanja.

{zh} : Chinese

Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {zh-Hans} Chinese, in simplified script; {zh-Hant} Chinese, in traditional script; {zh-tw} Taiwan Chinese; {zh-cn}

PRC

Chinese; {zh-sg} Singapore Chinese; {zh-mo} Macau Chinese; {zh-hk} Hong Kong Chinese; {zh-guoyu} Mandarin [Putonghua/Guoyu]; {zh-hakka} Hakka [formerly ``i-hakka'']; {zh-min} Hokkien; {zh-min-nan} Southern Hokkien; {zh-wuu} Shanghaiese; {zh-xiang} Hunanese; {zh-gan} Gan; {zh-yue} Cantonese.

{chn} : Chinook Jargon

eq Chinook Wawa.

{chp} : Chipewyan

{cho} : Choctaw

{cu} : Church Slavic

eq Old Church Slavonic.

{chk} : Chuukese

eq Trukese. eq Chuuk. eq Truk. eq Ruk.

{cv} : Chuvash

{cop} : Coptic

{kw} : Cornish

{co} : Corsican

eq Corse.

{cr} : Cree

NOT

Creek! (Formerly ``cre''.)

{mus} : Creek

NOT

Cree!

[{cpe} : English-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]

[{cpf} : French-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]

[{cpp} : Portuguese-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]

[{crp} : Creoles and pidgins (Other)]

{hr} : Croatian

eq Croat.

[{cus} : Cushitic (Other)]

{cs} : Czech

{dak} : Dakota

eq Nakota. eq Latoka.

{da} : Danish

{dar} : Dargwa

{day} : Dayak

{i-default} : Default (Fallthru) Language

Defined in

RFC 2277,

this is for tagging text (which must include English text, and might/should include text in other appropriate languages) that is emitted in a context where language-negotiation wasn't possible --- in

SMTP

mail failure messages, for example.

{del} : Delaware

{din} : Dinka

{dv} : Divehi

eq Maldivian. (Formerly ``div''.)

{doi} : Dogri

NOT

Dogrib!

{dgr} : Dogrib

NOT

Dogri!

[{dra} : Dravidian (Other)]

{dua} : Duala

{nl} : Dutch

eq Netherlander. Notable forms: {nl-nl} Netherlands Dutch; {nl-be} Belgian Dutch.

{dum} : Middle Dutch (ca.1050-1350)

(Historical)

{dyu} : Dyula

{dz} : Dzongkha

{efi} : Efik

{egy} : Ancient Egyptian

(Historical)

{eka} : Ekajuk

{elx} : Elamite

(Historical)

{en} : English

Notable forms: {en-au} Australian English; {en-bz} Belize English; {en-ca} Canadian English; {en-gb}

UK

English; {en-ie} Irish English; {en-jm} Jamaican English; {en-nz} New Zealand English; {en-ph} Philippine English; {en-tt} Trinidad English; {en-us}

US

English; {en-za} South African English; {en-zw} Zimbabwe English.

{enm} : Old English (1100-1500)

(Historical)

{ang} : Old English (ca.450-1100)

eq Anglo-Saxon. (Historical)

{i-enochian} : Enochian (Artificial)

{myv} : Erzya

{eo} : Esperanto

(Artificial)

{et} : Estonian

{ee} : Ewe

(Formerly ``ewe''.)

{ewo} : Ewondo

{fan} : Fang

{fat} : Fanti

{fo} : Faroese

{fj} : Fijian

{fi} : Finnish

[{fiu} : Finno-Ugrian (Other)]

eq Finno-Ugric.

NOT

Ugaritic!

{fon} : Fon

{fr} : French

Notable forms: {fr-fr} France French; {fr-be} Belgian French; {fr-ca} Canadian French; {fr-ch} Swiss French; {fr-lu} Luxembourg French; {fr-mc} Monaco French.

{frm} : Middle French (ca.1400-1600)

(Historical)

{fro} : Old French (842-ca.1400)

(Historical)

{fy} : Frisian

{fur} : Friulian

{ff} : Fulah

(Formerly ``ful''.)

{gaa} : Ga

{gd} : Scots Gaelic

NOT

Scots!

{gl} : Gallegan

eq Galician

{lg} : Ganda

(Formerly ``lug''.)

{gay} : Gayo

{gba} : Gbaya

{gez} : Geez

eq Ge'ez

{ka} : Georgian

{de} : German

Notable forms: {de-at} Austrian German; {de-be} Belgian German; {de-ch} Swiss German; {de-de} Germany German; {de-li} Liechtenstein German; {de-lu} Luxembourg German.

{gmh} : Middle High German (ca.1050-1500)

(Historical)

{goh} : Old High German (ca.750-1050)

(Historical)

[{gem} : Germanic (Other)]

{gil} : Gilbertese

{gon} : Gondi

{gor} : Gorontalo

{got} : Gothic

(Historical)

{grb} : Grebo

{grc} : Ancient Greek

(Historical) (Until 15th century or so.)

{el} : Modern Greek

(Since 15th century or so.)

{gn} : Guarani

Guarani

{gu} : Gujarati

{gwi} : Gwich'in

eq Gwichin

{hai} : Haida

{ht} : Haitian

eq Haitian Creole

{ha} : Hausa

{haw} : Hawaiian

Hawai'ian

{he} : Hebrew

(Formerly ``iw''.)

{hz} : Herero

{hil} : Hiligaynon

{him} : Himachali

{hi} : Hindi

{ho} : Hiri Motu

{hit} : Hittite

(Historical)

{hmn} : Hmong

{hu} : Hungarian

{hup} : Hupa

{iba} : Iban

{is} : Icelandic

{io} : Ido

(Artificial)

{ig} : Igbo

(Formerly ``ibo''.)

{ijo} : Ijo

{ilo} : Iloko

[{inc} : Indic (Other)]

[{ine} : Indo-European (Other)]

{id} : Indonesian

(Formerly ``in''.)

{inh} : Ingush

{ia} : Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)

(Artificial)

NOT

Interlingue!

{ie} : Interlingue

(Artificial)

NOT

Interlingua!

{iu} : Inuktitut

A subform of ``Eskimo''.

{ik} : Inupiaq

A subform of ``Eskimo''.

[{ira} : Iranian (Other)]

{ga} : Irish

{mga} : Middle Irish (900-1200)

(Historical)

{sga} : Old Irish (to 900)

(Historical)

[{iro} : Iroquoian languages]

{it} : Italian

Notable forms: {it-it} Italy Italian; {it-ch} Swiss Italian.

{ja} : Japanese

(

NOT

``jp''!)

{jv} : Javanese

(Formerly ``jw'' because of a typo.)

{jrb} : Judeo-Arabic

{jpr} : Judeo-Persian

{kbd} : Kabardian

{kab} : Kabyle

{kac} : Kachin

{kl} : Kalaallisut

eq Greenlandic ``Eskimo''

{xal} : Kalmyk

{kam} : Kamba

{kn} : Kannada

eq Kanarese.

NOT

Canadian!

{kr} : Kanuri

(Formerly ``kau''.)

{krc} : Karachay-Balkar

{kaa} : Kara-Kalpak

{kar} : Karen

{ks} : Kashmiri

{csb} : Kashubian

eq Kashub

{kaw} : Kawi

{kk} : Kazakh

{kha} : Khasi

{km} : Khmer

eq Cambodian. eq Kampuchean.

[{khi} : Khoisan (Other)]

{kho} : Khotanese

{ki} : Kikuyu

eq Gikuyu.

{kmb} : Kimbundu

{rw} : Kinyarwanda

{ky} : Kirghiz

{i-klingon} : Klingon

{kv} : Komi

{kg} : Kongo

(Formerly ``kon''.)

{kok} : Konkani

{ko} : Korean

{kos} : Kosraean

{kpe} : Kpelle

{kro} : Kru

{kj} : Kuanyama

{kum} : Kumyk

{ku} : Kurdish

{kru} : Kurukh

{kut} : Kutenai

{lad} : Ladino

eq Judeo-Spanish.

NOT

Ladin (a minority language in Italy).

{lah} : Lahnda

NOT

Lamba!

{lam} : Lamba

NOT

Lahnda!

{lo} : Lao

eq Laotian.

{la} : Latin

(Historical)

NOT

Ladin!

NOT

Ladino!

{lv} : Latvian

eq Lettish.

{lb} : Letzeburgesch

eq Luxemburgian, eq Luxemburger. (Formerly ``i-lux''.)

{lez} : Lezghian

{li} : Limburgish

eq Limburger, eq Limburgan.

NOT

Letzeburgesch!

{ln} : Lingala

{lt} : Lithuanian

{nds} : Low German

eq Low Saxon. eq Low German. eq Low Saxon.

{art-lojban} : Lojban (Artificial)

{loz} : Lozi

{lu} : Luba-Katanga

(Formerly ``lub''.)

{lua} : Luba-Lulua

{lui} : Luiseno

eq Luisen~o.

{lun} : Lunda

{luo} : Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)

{lus} : Lushai

{mk} : Macedonian

eq the modern Slavic language spoken in what was Yugoslavia.

NOT

the form of Greek spoken in Greek Macedonia!

{mad} : Madurese

{mag} : Magahi

{mai} : Maithili

{mak} : Makasar

{mg} : Malagasy

{ms} : Malay

NOT

Malayalam!

{ml} : Malayalam

NOT

Malay!

{mt} : Maltese

{mnc} : Manchu

{mdr} : Mandar

NOT

Mandarin!

{man} : Mandingo

{mni} : Manipuri

eq Meithei.

[{mno} : Manobo languages]

{gv} : Manx

{mi} : Maori

NOT

Mari!

{mr} : Marathi

{chm} : Mari

NOT

Maori!

{mh} : Marshall

eq Marshallese.

{mwr} : Marwari

{mas} : Masai

[{myn} : Mayan languages]

{men} : Mende

{mic} : Micmac

{min} : Minangkabau

{i-mingo} : Mingo

eq the Irquoian language West Virginia Seneca.

NOT

New York Seneca!

[{mis} : Miscellaneous languages]

Don't use this.

{moh} : Mohawk

{mdf} : Moksha

{mo} : Moldavian

eq Moldovan.

[{mkh} : Mon-Khmer (Other)]

{lol} : Mongo

{mn} : Mongolian

eq Mongol.

{mos} : Mossi

[{mul} : Multiple languages]

Not for normal use.

[{mun} : Munda languages]

{nah} : Nahuatl

{nap} : Neapolitan

{na} : Nauru

{nv} : Navajo

eq Navaho. (Formerly ``i-navajo''.)

{nd} : North Ndebele

{nr} : South Ndebele

{ng} : Ndonga

{ne} : Nepali

eq Nepalese. Notable forms: {ne-np} Nepal Nepali; {ne-in} India Nepali.

{new} : Newari

{nia} : Nias

[{nic} : Niger-Kordofanian (Other)]

[{ssa} : Nilo-Saharan (Other)]

{niu} : Niuean

{nog} : Nogai

{non} : Old Norse

(Historical)

[{nai} : North American Indian]

Do not use this.

{no} : Norwegian

Note the two following forms:

{nb} : Norwegian Bokmal

eq Bokma°l, (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly ``no-bok''.)

{nn} : Norwegian Nynorsk

(A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly ``no-nyn''.)

[{nub} : Nubian languages]

{nym} : Nyamwezi

{nyn} : Nyankole

{nyo} : Nyoro

{nzi} : Nzima

{oc} : Occitan (post 1500)

eq Provencal, eq Provencal

{oj} : Ojibwa

eq Ojibwe. (Formerly ``oji''.)

{or} : Oriya

{om} : Oromo

{osa} : Osage

{os} : Ossetian; Ossetic

[{oto} : Otomian languages]

Group of languages collectively called ``Otomi''.

{pal} : Pahlavi

eq Pahlevi

{i-pwn} : Paiwan

eq Pariwan

{pau} : Palauan

{pi} : Pali

(Historical?)

{pam} : Pampanga

{pag} : Pangasinan

{pa} : Panjabi

eq Punjabi

{pap} : Papiamento

eq Papiamentu.

[{paa} : Papuan (Other)]

{fa} : Persian

eq Farsi. eq Iranian.

{peo} : Old Persian (ca.600-400 B.C.)

[{phi} : Philippine (Other)]

{phn} : Phoenician

(Historical)

{pon} : Pohnpeian

NOT

Pompeiian!

{pl} : Polish

{pt} : Portuguese

eq Portugese. Notable forms: {pt-pt} Portugal Portuguese; {pt-br} Brazilian Portuguese.

[{pra} : Prakrit languages]

{pro} : Old Provencal (to 1500)

eq Old Provencal. (Historical.)

{ps} : Pushto

eq Pashto. eq Pushtu.

{qu} : Quechua

eq Quecha.

{rm} : Raeto-Romance

eq Romansh.

{raj} : Rajasthani

{rap} : Rapanui

{rar} : Rarotongan

[{qaa - qtz} : Reserved for local use.]

[{roa} : Romance (Other)]

NOT

Romanian!

NOT

Romany!

NOT

Romansh!

{ro} : Romanian

eq Rumanian.

NOT

Romany!

{rom} : Romany

eq Rom.

NOT

Romanian!

{rn} : Rundi

{ru} : Russian

NOT

White Russian!

NOT

Rusyn!

[{sal} : Salishan languages]

Large language group.

{sam} : Samaritan Aramaic

NOT

Aramaic!

{se} : Northern Sami

eq Lappish. eq Lapp. eq (Northern) Saami.

{sma} : Southern Sami

{smn} : Inari Sami

{smj} : Lule Sami

{sms} : Skolt Sami

[{smi} : Sami languages (Other)]

{sm} : Samoan

{sad} : Sandawe

{sg} : Sango

{sa} : Sanskrit

(Historical)

{sat} : Santali

{sc} : Sardinian

eq Sard.

{sas} : Sasak

{sco} : Scots

NOT

Scots Gaelic!

{sel} : Selkup

[{sem} : Semitic (Other)]

{sr} : Serbian

eq Serb.

NOT

Sorbian.

Notable forms: {sr-Cyrl} : Serbian in Cyrillic script; {sr-Latn} : Serbian in Latin script.

{srr} : Serer

{shn} : Shan

{sn} : Shona

{sid} : Sidamo

{sgn-...} : Sign Languages

Always use with a subtag. Notable forms: {sgn-gb} British Sign Language (

BSL

); {sgn-ie} Irish Sign Language (

ESL

); {sgn-ni} Nicaraguan Sign Language (

ISN

); {sgn-us} American Sign Language (

ASL

).

(And so on with other country codes as the subtag.)

{bla} : Siksika

eq Blackfoot. eq Pikanii.

{sd} : Sindhi

{si} : Sinhalese

eq Sinhala.

[{sit} : Sino-Tibetan (Other)]

[{sio} : Siouan languages]

{den} : Slave (Athapascan)

(``Slavey'' is a subform.)

[{sla} : Slavic (Other)]

{sk} : Slovak

eq Slovakian.

{sl} : Slovenian

eq Slovene.

{sog} : Sogdian

{so} : Somali

{son} : Songhai

{snk} : Soninke

{wen} : Sorbian languages

eq Wendish. eq Sorb. eq Lusatian. eq Wend.

NOT

Venda!

NOT

Serbian!

{nso} : Northern Sotho

{st} : Southern Sotho

eq Sutu. eq Sesotho.

[{sai} : South American Indian (Other)]

{es} : Spanish

Notable forms: {es-ar} Argentine Spanish; {es-bo} Bolivian Spanish; {es-cl} Chilean Spanish; {es-co} Colombian Spanish; {es-do} Dominican Spanish; {es-ec} Ecuadorian Spanish; {es-es} Spain Spanish; {es-gt} Guatemalan Spanish; {es-hn} Honduran Spanish; {es-mx} Mexican Spanish; {es-pa} Panamanian Spanish; {es-pe} Peruvian Spanish; {es-pr} Puerto Rican Spanish; {es-py} Paraguay Spanish; {es-sv} Salvadoran Spanish; {es-us}

US

Spanish; {es-uy} Uruguayan Spanish; {es-ve} Venezuelan Spanish.

{suk} : Sukuma

{sux} : Sumerian

(Historical)

{su} : Sundanese

{sus} : Susu

{sw} : Swahili

eq Kiswahili

{ss} : Swati

{sv} : Swedish

Notable forms: {sv-se} Sweden Swedish; {sv-fi} Finland Swedish.

{syr} : Syriac

{tl} : Tagalog

{ty} : Tahitian

[{tai} : Tai (Other)]

NOT

Thai!

{tg} : Tajik

{tmh} : Tamashek

{ta} : Tamil

{i-tao} : Tao

eq Yami.

{tt} : Tatar

{i-tay} : Tayal

eq Atayal. eq Atayan.

{te} : Telugu

{ter} : Tereno

{tet} : Tetum

{th} : Thai

NOT

Tai!

{bo} : Tibetan

{tig} : Tigre

{ti} : Tigrinya

{tem} : Timne

eq Themne. eq Timene.

{tiv} : Tiv

{tli} : Tlingit

{tpi} : Tok Pisin

{tkl} : Tokelau

{tog} : Tonga (Nyasa)

NOT

Tsonga!

{to} : Tonga (Tonga Islands)

(Pronounced ``Tong-a'', not ``Tong-ga'')

NOT

Tsonga!

{tsi} : Tsimshian

eq Sm'algyax

{ts} : Tsonga

NOT

Tonga!

{i-tsu} : Tsou

{tn} : Tswana

Same as Setswana.

{tum} : Tumbuka

[{tup} : Tupi languages]

{tr} : Turkish

(Typically in Roman script)

{ota} : Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)

(Typically in Arabic script) (Historical)

{crh} : Crimean Turkish

eq Crimean Tatar

{tk} : Turkmen

eq Turkmeni.

{tvl} : Tuvalu

{tyv} : Tuvinian

eq Tuvan. eq Tuvin.

{tw} : Twi

{udm} : Udmurt

{uga} : Ugaritic

NOT

Ugric!

{ug} : Uighur

{uk} : Ukrainian

{umb} : Umbundu

{und} : Undetermined

Not a tag for normal use.

{ur} : Urdu

{uz} : Uzbek

eq O.zbek

Notable forms: {uz-Cyrl} Uzbek in Cyrillic script; {uz-Latn} Uzbek in Latin script.

{vai} : Vai

{ve} : Venda

NOT

Wendish!

NOT

Wend!

NOT

Avestan! (Formerly ``ven''.)

{vi} : Vietnamese

eq Viet.

{vo} : Volapuk

eq Volapu.k. (Artificial)

{vot} : Votic

eq Votian. eq Vod.

[{wak} : Wakashan languages]

{wa} : Walloon

{wal} : Walamo

eq Wolaytta.

{war} : Waray

Presumably the Philippine language Waray-Waray (Samaren~o), not the smaller Philippine language Waray Sorsogon, nor the extinct Australian language Waray.

{was} : Washo

eq Washoe

{cy} : Welsh

{wo} : Wolof

{x-...} : Unregistered (Semi-Private Use)

``x-'' is a prefix for language tags that are not registered with

ISO

or

IANA.

Example, x-double-dutch

{xh} : Xhosa

{sah} : Yakut

{yao} : Yao

(The Yao in Malawi?)

{yap} : Yapese

eq Yap

{ii} : Sichuan Yi

{yi} : Yiddish

Formerly ``ji''. Usually in Hebrew script.

Notable forms: {yi-latn} Yiddish in Latin script

{yo} : Yoruba

[{ypk} : Yupik languages]

Several ``Eskimo'' languages.

{znd} : Zande

[{zap} : Zapotec]

(A group of languages.)

{zen} : Zenaga

NOT

Zend.

{za} : Zhuang

{zu} : Zulu

{zun} : Zuni

eq Zun~i

SEE ALSO

I18N::LangTags and its ``See Also'' section.

COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER

Copyright (c) 2001+ Sean M. Burke. All rights reserved.

You can redistribute and/or modify this document under the same terms as Perl itself.

This document is provided in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of accuracy, authoritativeness, completeness, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose.

Email any corrections or questions to me.

AUTHOR

Sean M. Burke, sburke@cpan.org