intro (2)
Leading comments
Copyright (C) 2007 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM) Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. ...
NAME
intro - introduction to system callsDESCRIPTION
Section 2 of the manual describes the Linux system calls. A system call is an entry point into the Linux kernel. Usually, system calls are not invoked directly: instead, most system calls have corresponding C library wrapper functions which perform the steps required (e.g., trapping to kernel mode) in order to invoke the system call. Thus, making a system call looks the same as invoking a normal library function.In many cases, the C library wrapper function does nothing more than:
- *
- copying arguments and the unique system call number to the registers where the kernel expects them;
- *
- trapping to kernel mode, at which point the kernel does the real work of the system call;
- *
- setting errno if the system call returns an error number when the kernel returns the CPU to user mode.
However, in a few cases, a wrapper function may do rather more than this,
for example, performing some preprocessing
of the arguments before trapping to kernel mode,
or postprocessing of values returned by the system call.
Where this is the case, the manual pages in Section 2 generally
try to note the details of both the (usually GNU) C library API
interface and the raw system call.
Most commonly, the main DESCRIPTION will focus on the C library interface,
and differences for the system call are covered in the NOTES section.
For a list of the Linux system calls, see
syscalls(2).
RETURN VALUE
On error, most system calls return a negative error number (i.e., the negated value of one of the constants described in errno(3)). The C library wrapper hides this detail from the caller: when a system call returns a negative value, the wrapper copies the absolute value into the errno variable, and returns -1 as the return value of the wrapper.The value returned by a successful system call depends on the call. Many system calls return 0 on success, but some can return nonzero values from a successful call. The details are described in the individual manual pages.
In some cases, the programmer must define a feature test macro in order to obtain the declaration of a system call from the header file specified in the man page SYNOPSIS section. (Where required, these feature test macros must be defined before including any header files.) In such cases, the required macro is described in the man page. For further information on feature test macros, see feature_test_macros(7).