The profile used by default is pkcs15. Alternative profiles can be specified via the -p switch.

PIN USAGE

pkcs15-init can be used to create a PKCS #15 structure on your smart card, create PINs, and install keys and certificates on the card. This process is also called personalization.

An OpenSC card can have one security officer PIN, and zero or more user PINs. PIN stands for Personal Identification Number, and is a secret code you need to present to the card before being allowed to perform certain operations, such as using one of the stored RSA keys to sign a document, or modifying the card itself.

Usually, PINs are a sequence of decimal digits, but some cards will accept arbitrary ASCII characters. Be aware however that using characters other than digits will make the card unusable with PIN pad readers, because those usually have keys for entering digits only.

The security officer (SO) PIN is special; it is used to protect meta data information on the card, such as the PKCS #15 structure itself. Setting the SO PIN is optional, because the worst that can usually happen is that someone finding your card can mess it up. To extract any of your secret keys stored on the card, an attacker will still need your user PIN, at least for the default OpenSC profiles. However, it is possible to create card profiles that will allow the security officer to override user PINs.

For each PIN, you can specify a PUK (also called unblock PIN). The PUK can be used to overwrite or unlock a PIN if too many incorrect values have been entered in a row.

For some cards that use the PKCS#15 emulation, the attributes of private objects are protected and cannot be parsed without authentication (usually with User PIN). This authentication need to be done immediately after the card binding. In such cases --verify-pin has to be used.

MODES OF OPERATION

Initialization

This is the first step during card personalization, and will create the basic files on the card. To create the initial PKCS #15 structure, invoke the utility as

pkcs15-init --create-pkcs15

You will then be asked for the security officer PIN and PUK. Simply pressing return at the SO PIN prompt will skip installation of an SO PIN.

If the card supports it, you should erase the contents of the card with pkcs15-init --erase-card before creating the PKCS#15 structure.

User PIN Installation

Before installing any user objects such as private keys, you need at least one PIN to protect these objects. you can do this using

pkcs15-init --store-pin --id " nn

where nn is a PKCS #15 ID in hexadecimal notation. Common values are 01, 02, etc.

Entering the command above will ask you for the user's PIN and PUK. If you do not wish to install an unblock PIN, simply press return at the PUK prompt.

To set a label for this PIN object (which can be used by applications to display a meaningful prompt to the user), use the --label command line option.

Key generation

pkcs15-init lets you generate a new key and store it on the card. You can do this using:

pkcs15-init --generate-key " keyspec " --auth-id " nn

where keyspec describes the algorithm and length of the key to be created, such as rsa/512. This will create a 512 bit RSA key. Currently, only RSA key generation is supported. Note that cards usually support just a few different key lengths. Almost all cards will support 512 and 1024 bit keys, some will support 768 or 2048 as well.

nn is the ID of a user PIN installed previously, e.g. 01.

In addition to storing the private portion of the key on the card, pkcs15-init will also store the the public portion of the key as a PKCS #15 public key object.

Private Key Upload

You can use a private key generated by other means and upload it to the card. For instance, to upload a private key contained in a file named okir.pem, which is in PEM format, you would use

pkcs15-init --store-private-key okir.pem --id 45 --auth-id 01

In addition to storing the private portion of the key on the card, pkcs15-init will also store the the public portion of the key as a PKCS #15 public key object.

Note that usage of --id option in the pkcs15-init commands to generate or to import a new key is deprecated. Better practice is to let the middleware to derive the identifier from the key material. (SHA1(modulus) for RSA, SHA1(pub) for DSA, ...). This allows easily set up relation between 'related' objects (private/public keys and certificates).

In addition to the PEM key file format, pkcs15-init also supports DER encoded keys, and PKCS #12 files. The latter is the file format used by Netscape Navigator (among others) when exporting certificates to a file. A PKCS #12 file usually contains the X.509 certificate corresponding to the private key. If that is the case, pkcs15-init will store the certificate instead of the public key portion.

Public Key Upload

You can also upload individual public keys to the card using the --store-public-key option, which takes a filename as an argument. This file is supposed to contain the public key. If you don't specify a key file format using the --format option, pkcs15-init will assume PEM format. The only other supported public key file format is DER.

Since the corresponding public keys are always uploaded automatically when generating a new key, or when uploading a private key, you will probably use this option only very rarely.

Certificate Upload

You can upload certificates to the card using the --store-certificate option, which takes a filename as an argument. This file is supposed to contain the PEM encoded X.509 certificate.

Uploading PKCS #12 bags

Most browsers nowadays use PKCS #12 format files when you ask them to export your key and certificate to a file. pkcs15-init is capable of parsing these files, and storing their contents on the card in a single operation. This works just like storing a private key, except that you need to specify the file format:

pkcs15-init --store-private-key okir.p12 --format pkcs12 --auth-id 01

This will install the private key contained in the file okir.p12, and protect it with the PIN referenced by authentication ID 01. It will also store any X.509 certificates contained in the file, which is usually the user certificate that goes with the key, as well as the CA certificate.

Secret Key Upload

You can use a secret key generated by other means and upload it to the card. For instance, to upload an AES-secret key generated by the system random generator you would use

pkcs15-init --store-secret-key /dev/urandom --secret-key-algorithm aes/256 --auth-id 01

By default a random ID is generated for the secret key. You may specify an ID with the --id if needed.

OPTIONS

--version,

Print the OpenSC package release version.

--card-profile name, -c name

Tells pkcs15-init to load the specified card profile option. You will rarely need this option.

--create-pkcs15, -C

This tells pkcs15-init to create a PKCS #15 structure on the card, and initialize any PINs.

--erase-card, -E

This will erase the card prior to creating the PKCS #15 structure, if the card supports it. If the card does not support erasing, pkcs15-init will fail.

--generate-key keyspec, -G keyspec

Tells the card to generate new key and store it on the card. keyspec consists of an algorithm name (currently, the only supported name is RSA), optionally followed by a slash and the length of the key in bits. It is a good idea to specify the key ID along with this command, using the id option, otherwise an intrinsic ID will be calculated from the key material. Look the description of the 'pkcs15-id-style' attribut in the 'pkcs15.profile' for the details about the algorithm used to calculate intrinsic ID. For the multi-application cards the target PKCS#15 application can be specified by the hexadecimal AID value of the aid option.

--options-file filename

Tells pkcs15-init to read additional options from filename. The file is supposed to contain one long option per line, without the leading dashes, for instance:

        pin             frank
        puk             zappa

You can specify --options-file several times.

--pin, --puk --so-pin, --so-puk,

These options can be used to specify PIN/PUK values on the command line. If set to env:VARIABLE, the value of the environment variable VARIABLE is used. Note that on most operation systems, any user can display the command line of any process on the system using utilities such as ps(1). Therefore, you should use these options only on a secured system, or in an options file specified with --options-file.

--profile name, -p name

Tells pkcs15-init to load the specified general profile. Currently, the only application profile defined is pkcs15, but you can write your own profiles and specify them using this option.

The profile name can be combined with one or more profile options, which slightly modify the profile's behavior. For instance, the default OpenSC profile supports the openpin option, which installs a single PIN during card initialization. This PIN is then used both as the SO PIN as well as the user PIN for all keys stored on the card.

Profile name and options are separated by a + character, as in pkcs15+onepin.

--secret-key-algorithm keyspec,

keyspec describes the algorithm and length of the key to be created or downloaded, such as aes/256. This will create a 256 bit AES key.

--store-certificate filename, -X filename

Tells pkcs15-init to store the certificate given in filename on the card, creating a certificate object with the ID specified via the --id option. Without supplied ID an intrisic ID will be calculated from the certificate's public key. Look the description of the 'pkcs15-id-style' attribut in the 'pkcs15.profile' for the details about the algorithm used to calculate intrinsic ID. The file is assumed to contain the PEM encoded certificate. For the multi-application cards the target application can be specified by the hexadecimal AID value of the aid option.

--store-public-key filename

Tells pkcs15-init to download the specified public key to the card and create a public key object with the key ID specified via the --id. By default, the file is assumed to contain the key in PEM format. Alternative formats can be specified using --format.

--store-private-key filename, -S filename

Tells pkcs15-init to download the specified private key to the card. This command will also create a public key object containing the public key portion. By default, the file is assumed to contain the key in PEM format. Alternative formats can be specified using --format. It is a good idea to specify the key ID along with this command, using the --id option, otherwise an intrinsic ID will be calculated from the key material. Look the description of the 'pkcs15-id-style' attribut in the 'pkcs15.profile' for the details about the algorithm used to calculate intrinsic ID. For the multi-application cards the target PKCS#15 application can be specified by the hexadecimal AID value of the aid option.

--store-secret-key filename,

Tells pkcs15-init to download the specified secret key to the card. The file is assumed to contain the raw key. They key type should be specified with --secret-key-algorithm option. You may additionally specify the key ID along with this command, using the --id option, otherwise a random ID is generated. For the multi-application cards the target PKCS#15 application can be specified by the hexadecimal AID value of the aid option.

--update-certificate filename, -U filename

Tells pkcs15-init to update the certificate object with the ID specified via the --id option with the certificate in filename. The file is assumed to contain a PEM encoded certificate.

Pay extra attention when updating mail decryption certificates, as missing certificates can render e-mail messages unreadable!

--use-default-transport-keys, -T

Tells pkcs15-init to not ask for the transport keys and use default keys, as known by the card driver.

--verbose, -v

Causes pkcs15-init to be more verbose. Specify this flag several times to enable debug output in the OpenSC library.

--use-pinpad

Do not prompt the user; if no PINs supplied, pinpad will be used.

SEE ALSO

pkcs15-profile(5)