If called without parameters, it will show the full contents of the journal, starting with the oldest entry collected.

If one or more match arguments are passed, the output is filtered accordingly. A match is in the format "FIELD=VALUE", e.g. "_SYSTEMD_UNIT=httpd.service", referring to the components of a structured journal entry. See systemd.journal-fields(7) for a list of well-known fields. If multiple matches are specified matching different fields, the log entries are filtered by both, i.e. the resulting output will show only entries matching all the specified matches of this kind. If two matches apply to the same field, then they are automatically matched as alternatives, i.e. the resulting output will show entries matching any of the specified matches for the same field. Finally, the character "+" may appear as a separate word between other terms on the command line. This causes all matches before and after to be combined in a disjunction (i.e. logical OR).

As shortcuts for a few types of field/value matches, file paths may be specified. If a file path refers to an executable file, this is equivalent to an "_EXE=" match for the canonicalized binary path. Similarly, if a path refers to a device node then match is added for the kernel name of the device ("_KERNEL_DEVICE="). Also, matches for the kernel names of all the parent devices are added automatically. Device node paths are not stable across reboots, therefore match for the current boot id ("_BOOT_ID=") is always added as well. Note that only the log entries for the existing device nodes maybe queried by providing path to the device node.

Additional constraints may be added using options --boot, --unit=, etc., to further limit what entries will be shown (logical AND).

Output is interleaved from all accessible journal files, whether they are rotated or currently being written, and regardless of whether they belong to the system itself or are accessible user journals.

The set of journal files which will be used can be modified using the --user, --system, --directory, and --file options, see below.

All users are granted access to their private per-user journals. However, by default, only root and users who are members of a few special groups are granted access to the system journal and the journals of other users. Members of the groups "systemd-journal", "adm", and "wheel" can read all journal files. Note that the two latter groups traditionally have additional privileges specified by the distribution. Members of the "wheel" group can often perform administrative tasks.

The output is paged through less by default, and long lines are "truncated" to screen width. The hidden part can be viewed by using the left-arrow and right-arrow keys. Paging can be disabled; see the --no-pager option and the "Environment" section below.

When outputting to a tty, lines are colored according to priority: lines of level ERROR and higher are colored red; lines of level NOTICE and higher are highlighted; other lines are displayed normally.

OPTIONS

The following options are understood:

--no-full, --full, -l

Ellipsize fields when they do not fit in available columns. The default is to show full fields, allowing them to wrap or be truncated by the pager, if one is used.

The old options -l/--full are not useful anymore, except to undo --no-full.

-a, --all

Show all fields in full, even if they include unprintable characters or are very long.

-f, --follow

Show only the most recent journal entries, and continuously print new entries as they are appended to the journal.

-e, --pager-end

Immediately jump to the end of the journal inside the implied pager tool. This implies -n1000 to guarantee that the pager will not buffer logs of unbounded size. This may be overridden with an explicit -n with some other numeric value, while -nall will disable this cap. Note that this option is only supported for the less(1) pager.

-n, --lines=

Show the most recent journal events and limit the number of events shown. If --follow is used, this option is implied. The argument is a positive integer or "all" to disable line limiting. The default value is 10 if no argument is given.

--no-tail

Show all stored output lines, even in follow mode. Undoes the effect of --lines=.

-r, --reverse

Reverse output so that the newest entries are displayed first.

-o, --output=

Controls the formatting of the journal entries that are shown. Takes one of the following options:

short

is the default and generates an output that is mostly identical to the formatting of classic syslog files, showing one line per journal entry.

short-iso

is very similar, but shows ISO 8601 wallclock timestamps.

short-precise

is very similar, but shows timestamps with full microsecond precision.

short-monotonic

is very similar, but shows monotonic timestamps instead of wallclock timestamps.

verbose

shows the full-structured entry items with all fields.

export

serializes the journal into a binary (but mostly text-based) stream suitable for backups and network transfer (see m[blue]Journal Export Formatm[]

[1]

for more information).

json

formats entries as JSON data structures, one per line (see m[blue]Journal JSON Formatm[]

[2]

for more information).

json-pretty

formats entries as JSON data structures, but formats them in multiple lines in order to make them more readable by humans.

json-sse

formats entries as JSON data structures, but wraps them in a format suitable for m[blue]Server-Sent Eventsm[]

[3]

.

cat

generates a very terse output, only showing the actual message of each journal entry with no metadata, not even a timestamp.

--utc

Express time in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

-x, --catalog

Augment log lines with explanation texts from the message catalog. This will add explanatory help texts to log messages in the output where this is available. These short help texts will explain the context of an error or log event, possible solutions, as well as pointers to support forums, developer documentation, and any other relevant manuals. Note that help texts are not available for all messages, but only for selected ones. For more information on the message catalog, please refer to the m[blue]Message Catalog Developer Documentationm[]

[4]

.

Note: when attaching journalctl output to bug reports, please do not use -x.

-q, --quiet

Suppresses all info messages (i.e. "-- Logs begin at ...", "-- Reboot --"), any warning messages regarding inaccessible system journals when run as a normal user.

-m, --merge

Show entries interleaved from all available journals, including remote ones.

-b [ID][±offset], --boot=[ID][±offset]

Show messages from a specific boot. This will add a match for "_BOOT_ID=".

The argument may be empty, in which case logs for the current boot will be shown.

If the boot ID is omitted, a positive offset will look up the boots starting from the beginning of the journal, and an equal-or-less-than zero offset will look up boots starting from the end of the journal. Thus, 1 means the first boot found in the journal in chronological order, 2 the second and so on; while -0 is the last boot, -1 the boot before last, and so on. An empty offset is equivalent to specifying -0, except when the current boot is not the last boot (e.g. because --directory was specified to look at logs from a different machine).

If the 32-character ID is specified, it may optionally be followed by offset which identifies the boot relative to the one given by boot ID. Negative values mean earlier boots and positive values mean later boots. If offset is not specified, a value of zero is assumed, and the logs for the boot given by ID are shown.

--list-boots

Show a tabular list of boot numbers (relative to the current boot), their IDs, and the timestamps of the first and last message pertaining to the boot.

-k, --dmesg

Show only kernel messages. This implies -b and adds the match "_TRANSPORT=kernel".

-t, --identifier=SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER

Show messages for the specified syslog identifier SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER.

This parameter can be specified multiple times.

-u, --unit=UNIT|PATTERN

Show messages for the specified systemd unit UNIT (such as a service unit), or for any of the units matched by PATTERN. If a pattern is specified, a list of unit names found in the journal is compared with the specified pattern and all that match are used. For each unit name, a match is added for messages from the unit ("_SYSTEMD_UNIT=UNIT"), along with additional matches for messages from systemd and messages about coredumps for the specified unit.

This parameter can be specified multiple times.

--user-unit=

Show messages for the specified user session unit. This will add a match for messages from the unit ("_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT=" and "_UID=") and additional matches for messages from session systemd and messages about coredumps for the specified unit.

This parameter can be specified multiple times.

-p, --priority=

Filter output by message priorities or priority ranges. Takes either a single numeric or textual log level (i.e. between 0/"emerg" and 7/"debug"), or a range of numeric/text log levels in the form FROM..TO. The log levels are the usual syslog log levels as documented in syslog(3), i.e. "emerg" (0), "alert" (1), "crit" (2), "err" (3), "warning" (4), "notice" (5), "info" (6), "debug" (7). If a single log level is specified, all messages with this log level or a lower (hence more important) log level are shown. If a range is specified, all messages within the range are shown, including both the start and the end value of the range. This will add "PRIORITY=" matches for the specified priorities.

-c, --cursor=

Start showing entries from the location in the journal specified by the passed cursor.

--after-cursor=

Start showing entries from the location in the journal after the location specified by the passed cursor. The cursor is shown when the --show-cursor option is used.

--show-cursor

The cursor is shown after the last entry after two dashes:

-- cursor: s=0639...

The format of the cursor is private and subject to change.

-S, --since=, -U, --until=

Start showing entries on or newer than the specified date, or on or older than the specified date, respectively. Date specifications should be of the format "2012-10-30 18:17:16". If the time part is omitted, "00:00:00" is assumed. If only the seconds component is omitted, ":00" is assumed. If the date component is omitted, the current day is assumed. Alternatively the strings "yesterday", "today", "tomorrow" are understood, which refer to 00:00:00 of the day before the current day, the current day, or the day after the current day, respectively. "now" refers to the current time. Finally, relative times may be specified, prefixed with "-" or "+", referring to times before or after the current time, respectively. For complete time and date specification, see systemd.time(7).

-F, --field=

Print all possible data values the specified field can take in all entries of the journal.

-N, --fields

Print all field names currently used in all entries of the journal.

--system, --user

Show messages from system services and the kernel (with --system). Show messages from service of current user (with --user). If neither is specified, show all messages that the user can see.

-M, --machine=

Show messages from a running, local container. Specify a container name to connect to.

-D DIR, --directory=DIR

Takes a directory path as argument. If specified, journalctl will operate on the specified journal directory DIR instead of the default runtime and system journal paths.

--file=GLOB

Takes a file glob as an argument. If specified, journalctl will operate on the specified journal files matching GLOB instead of the default runtime and system journal paths. May be specified multiple times, in which case files will be suitably interleaved.

--root=ROOT

Takes a directory path as an argument. If specified, journalctl will operate on catalog file hierarchy underneath the specified directory instead of the root directory (e.g. --update-catalog will create ROOT/var/lib/systemd/catalog/database).

--new-id128

Instead of showing journal contents, generate a new 128-bit ID suitable for identifying messages. This is intended for usage by developers who need a new identifier for a new message they introduce and want to make recognizable. This will print the new ID in three different formats which can be copied into source code or similar.

--header

Instead of showing journal contents, show internal header information of the journal fields accessed.

--disk-usage

Shows the current disk usage of all journal files. This shows the sum of the disk usage of all archived and active journal files.

--vacuum-size=, --vacuum-time=, --vacuum-files=

Removes archived journal files until the disk space they use falls below the specified size (specified with the usual "K", "M", "G" and "T" suffixes), or all journal files contain no data older than the specified timespan (specified with the usual "s", "min", "h", "days", "months", "weeks" and "years" suffixes), or no more than the specified number of separate journal files remain. Note that running --vacuum-size= has only an indirect effect on the output shown by --disk-usage, as the latter includes active journal files, while the vacuuming operation only operates on archived journal files. Similarly, --vacuum-files= might not actually reduce the number of journal files to below the specified number, as it will not remove active journal files. --vacuum-size=, --vacuum-time= and --vacuum-files= may be combined in a single invocation to enforce any combination of a size, a time and a number of files limit on the archived journal files. Specifying any of these three parameters as zero is equivalent to not enforcing the specific limit, and is thus redundant.

--list-catalog [128-bit-ID...]

List the contents of the message catalog as a table of message IDs, plus their short description strings.

If any 128-bit-IDs are specified, only those entries are shown.

--dump-catalog [128-bit-ID...]

Show the contents of the message catalog, with entries separated by a line consisting of two dashes and the ID (the format is the same as .catalog files).

If any 128-bit-IDs are specified, only those entries are shown.

--update-catalog

Update the message catalog index. This command needs to be executed each time new catalog files are installed, removed, or updated to rebuild the binary catalog index.

--setup-keys

Instead of showing journal contents, generate a new key pair for Forward Secure Sealing (FSS). This will generate a sealing key and a verification key. The sealing key is stored in the journal data directory and shall remain on the host. The verification key should be stored externally. Refer to the Seal= option in journald.conf(5) for information on Forward Secure Sealing and for a link to a refereed scholarly paper detailing the cryptographic theory it is based on.

--force

When --setup-keys is passed and Forward Secure Sealing (FSS) has already been configured, recreate FSS keys.

--interval=

Specifies the change interval for the sealing key when generating an FSS key pair with --setup-keys. Shorter intervals increase CPU consumption but shorten the time range of undetectable journal alterations. Defaults to 15min.

--verify

Check the journal file for internal consistency. If the file has been generated with FSS enabled and the FSS verification key has been specified with --verify-key=, authenticity of the journal file is verified.

--verify-key=

Specifies the FSS verification key to use for the --verify operation.

--sync

Asks the journal daemon to write all yet unwritten journal data to the backing file system and synchronize all journals. This call does not return until the synchronization operation is complete. This command guarantees that any log messages written before its invocation are safely stored on disk at the time it returns.

--flush

Asks the journal daemon to flush any log data stored in /run/log/journal into /var/log/journal, if persistent storage is enabled. This call does not return until the operation is complete. Note that this call is idempotent: the data is only flushed from /run/log/journal into /var/log/journal once during system runtime, and this command exits cleanly without executing any operation if this has already has happened. This command effectively guarantees that all data is flushed to /var/log/journal at the time it returns.

--rotate

Asks the journal daemon to rotate journal files. This call does not return until the rotation operation is complete.

-h, --help

Print a short help text and exit.

--version

Print a short version string and exit.

--no-pager

Do not pipe output into a pager.

EXIT STATUS

On success, 0 is returned; otherwise, a non-zero failure code is returned.

ENVIRONMENT

$SYSTEMD_PAGER

Pager to use when --no-pager is not given; overrides $PAGER. Setting this to an empty string or the value "cat" is equivalent to passing --no-pager.

$SYSTEMD_LESS

Override the default options passed to less ("FRSXMK").

EXAMPLES

Without arguments, all collected logs are shown unfiltered:

journalctl

With one match specified, all entries with a field matching the expression are shown:

journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service

If two different fields are matched, only entries matching both expressions at the same time are shown:

journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097

If two matches refer to the same field, all entries matching either expression are shown:

journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service

If the separator "+" is used, two expressions may be combined in a logical OR. The following will show all messages from the Avahi service process with the PID 28097 plus all messages from the D-Bus service (from any of its processes):

journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097 + _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service

Show all logs generated by the D-Bus executable:

journalctl /usr/bin/dbus-daemon

Show all kernel logs from previous boot:

journalctl -k -b -1

Show a live log display from a system service apache.service:

journalctl -f -u apache

SEE ALSO

systemd(1), systemd-journald.service(8), systemctl(1), coredumpctl(1), systemd.journal-fields(7), journald.conf(5), systemd.time(7)

NOTES

1.

Journal Export Format

www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/export

2.

Journal JSON Format

www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/json

3.

Server-Sent Events

developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events

4.

Message Catalog Developer Documentation

www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/catalog